In a Virginia Tech Dairy Pipeline newsletter, graduate student Prashant Ghimire and extension scientist Gonzalo Ferreira discussed the importance of copper, an essential micromineral, in dairy cattle nutrition. Copper supports growth, immunity, metabolism, and reproduction, but can cause deficiency or toxicity if not managed properly. Copper absorption occurs in the small intestine but can be affected by antagonists such as sulfur and molybdenum in the rumen, which can form insoluble compounds that reduce the absorption rate. Only about 10% of supplemented copper is absorbed by adult cattle, whereas calves can absorb up to 70%, they noted.

Copper is typically supplemented in inorganic forms such as sulfate and chloride or organic forms like copper-amino acid complexes. Inorganic sources are more affordable but may bind with antagonists, potentially harming rumen microbes. Research shows mixed results regarding inorganic copper’s impact on nutrient digestibility. Organic sources are more stable and resistant to antagonists, potentially improving absorption and animal performance. However, they are more costly and not always significantly more effective. Studies suggest combining both sources may enhance efficiency.

Ultimately, the choice of copper source should be based on dietary antagonist levels, herd history, and cost-effectiveness. Copper supplementation should be carefully managed to avoid deficiency or toxicity. Additional research is needed to determine optimal strategies for maximizing copper availability and improving dairy cattle health and productivity.

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