Starting calves off on the right foot is essential for the longevity and resiliency of every dairy farm. Especially with the current higher prices of replacement heifers, getting animals growing and succeeding is essential.

With all that in mind, raising heifers in the winter is challenging as almost all regions of the country deal with extreme temperatures and temperature variability. The Ohio State University assistant professors Grazyne Tresoldi and Jason Hartschuh detailed in two Buckeye Dairy News articles their three areas of focus for helping calves endure the winter blues.

Well-ventilated housing

“The thermoneutral zone for calves is 50°F to 68°F, meaning when temperatures in their environment are below the lower critical temperature of 50°F, they need extra energy to stay warm,” shared Hartschuh. “Keeping the air fresh to minimize disease while not allowing a draft on the calves is the goal.”

Tresoldi recommended the use of deep-bedded straw to insulate calves and allow for nesting for heat retention. Further, she suggested housing in small groups or pairs to allow the calves to huddle and share body heat. For the youngest calves, the assistant professor in animal welfare proposed overhead heat lamps for targeted warmth.

Provide plenty of nutrition

“For each 1-degree drop in temperature below the lower critical temperature, a calf needs a 1% increase in energy to meet maintenance requirements,” wrote Hartschuh. “With all programs to increase growth, more milk solids have to be fed, but solids concentration should not exceed 16%.”

The extension field specialist suggested adding a third feeding when appropriate, and Tresoldi even recommended allowing ad libitum feeding in the coldest weather. That allows the calf to self-regulate its nutritional needs.

Consider a warm blanket

Calf jackets can provide an additional layer of protection to the farm’s youngest animals.

“It is recommended that producers start using jackets once the pen temperature averages less than 50°F for newborn calves up to 3 weeks old. Once calves are over 3 weeks of age, they are comfortable until average pen temperature is below 40°F,” explained Hartschuh.

According to the extension specialist, those jackets should be dry and made of a breathable material with a water-resistant shell.

“Collaborate with veterinarians, nutritionists, and educators to design a cold stress management plan tailored to your farm’s unique needs. Routine assessments of housing, nutrition, and calf health are essential to prevent issues before they arise,” concluded Tresoldi.