There are many critical factors to raise healthy and well-grown calves. As we all know, this begins at birth with the help of a clean environment and prompt administration of colostrum.

In a recent Dairy Pipeline article, Virginia Tech Professor Emeritus Robert James, reminded readers that calves are born with undeveloped microbiomes that are susceptible to contamination in the early hours of life.

“A well-drained, grassy pasture is optimal for calving but not very practical for most dairy businesses throughout the year,” James shared about maternity environments. “The second choice is a clean, box stall deep-bedded with clean straw.”

Clean food, too

Beyond a clean environment, James suggested ensuring cleanliness of the initial feedings themselves. “Colostrum target level should be less than 1,000 bacteria per milliliter (mL). Studies by Minnesota researchers found that more than 90% of colostrum samples contained more than 100,000 bacteria per mL,” he shared.

For that reason, James reminded readers to handle colostrum carefully, milking it into a clean vessel or pipeline and either immediately feeding or cooling it promptly. Remember to clean all vessels that handle colostrum in the same way that you would handle saleable milk equipment.

Rinse with lukewarm water (90°F), and wash with hot (135°F), soapy water. Rinse again with cold water and an acid solution. Drain and allow to dry.

Consider biosecurity

James reminded readers to be cognizant of how feeders interact with the calf environment. “First, use rubber gloves and change between calves,” he detailed. “Second, start working with the youngest calves first and then move to the older calves.”

Finally, James explained that no employees or vets should move from working with the mature cow herd to the calf raising area without fully cleaning their clothing and equipment. This movement exposes calves to diseases that their immune systems are not yet prepared to handle.